Functional Behavioral Assessment-based interventions on adults' delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech: A single case meta-analysis.

The Functional Behavioral Assessment (FBA) approach involves the use of single-case designs (SCD) to study the problem behavior-environment contingencies and conduct interventions that consider this functional relationship. Although this approach has been considered an evidence-based practice (EBP) for the treatment of several psychological problems, no meta-analytic studies of FBA-based interventions on delusions, hallucinations and disorganized speech -commonly operationalized as "atypical vocalizations"- have been carried out. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review and synthesize the results of FBA-based interventions on adults' atypical vocalizations. We conducted a systematic review and a multi-level meta-analysis of these interventions, using a recently developed effect size estimator for SCD studies (i.e., log response ratio). All the studies that met our eligibility criteria provided evidence supporting the effectiveness of FBA-based interventions on atypical vocalizations, with an overall average effect size of a 72% reduction. Both the publication year and the methodological quality were found to be significant moderators. Despite some methodological limitations, we can conclude that FBA-based interventions are effective to reduce atypical vocalizations. The implications of these results could be of interest for the mental health community.

Cognitive techniques and language: A return to behavioral origins / Técnicas cognitivas y lenguaje: un regreso a los orígenes conductuales

Background: the main purpose of this study is to offer an alternative explanatory account of the functioning of cognitive techniques that is based on the principles of associative learning and highlights their verbal nature. The traditional accounts are questioned and analyzed in the light of the situation of psychology in the 1970s. Method: conceptual analysis is employed to revise the concepts of language, cognition and behavior. Several operant- and Pavlovian-based approaches to these phenomena are presented, while particular emphasis is given to Mowrer’s (1954) approach and Ryle (1949) and Wittgenstein’s (1953) philosophical contributions to the field. Conclusions: several logical problems are found in regard to the theoretical foundations of cognitive techniques. A combination of both operant and Pavlovian paradigms based on the above-mentioned approaches is offered as an alternative explanatory account of cognitive techniques. This new approach could overcome the conceptual fragilities of the cognitive standpoint and its dependence upon constructs of dubious logical and scientific validity (AU)

Antecedentes: el objetivo de este trabajo es proponer una alternativa explicativa al funcionamiento de las técnicas cognitivas basándonos en los procesos de aprendizaje asociativo y destacando su carácter verbal; se cuestionan las explicaciones tradicionales, que se analizan a la luz de la situación de la psicología en los años 70 del siglo pasado. Método: se emplea el análisis conceptual para revisar los conceptos de lenguaje, cognición y conducta y se presentan las propuestas desarrolladas para su estudio desde planteamientos operantes y pavlovianos, haciendo especial hincapié en las aportaciones de Mowrer (1954) y en los planteamientos filosóficos de Ryle (1949) y Wittgenstein (1953). Conclusiones: se detectan una serie de problemas lógicos en los fundamentos de las terapias cognitivas. La combinación de los paradigmas operante y pavloviano y su soporte filosófico en las propuestas señaladas suponen una superación de dichas flaquezas y permiten una explicación del funcionamiento de las técnicas cognitivas sin necesidad de recurrir a constructos de dudosa validez lógica y científica (AU)

Cognitive techniques and language: A return to behavioral origins.

BACKGROUND: the main purpose of this study is to offer an alternative explanatory account of the functioning of cognitive techniques that is based on the principles of associative learning and highlights their verbal nature. The traditional accounts are questioned and analyzed in the light of the situation of psychology in the 1970s. METHOD: conceptual analysis is employed to revise the concepts of language, cognition and behavior. Several operant- and Pavlovian-based approaches to these phenomena are presented, while particular emphasis is given to Mowrer’s (1954) approach and Ryle (1949) and Wittgenstein’s (1953) philosophical contributions to the field. CONCLUSIONS: several logical problems are found in regard to the theoretical foundations of cognitive techniques. A combination of both operant and Pavlovian paradigms based on the above-mentioned approaches is offered as an alternative explanatory account of cognitive techniques. This new approach could overcome the conceptual fragilities of the cognitive standpoint and its dependence upon constructs of dubious logical and scientific validity.